Seòmar agus comataidhean

I thank my colleague Ariane Burgess for lodging the motion. As we celebrate 200 years since the birth of the railways, it is a great time to look at that vision for Scotland’s railways, and Ariane Burgess has laid out an exciting vision for the economy of the Highlands and for communities.

I welcome the fact that some small improvements that have been made to the Highland main line in Perthshire in my region. The £3 million upgrade of Dunkeld and Birnam station is very welcome, with extended platforms allowing longer train services to stop, improvements in access by raising platforms and improvements to waiting areas. The partnership working with the community station group has been very positive.

However, all of the improvements that have been made so far have been about maintaining the railway; they are not game-changing investments that can deliver the real potential of the Highland main line. The work at Dunkeld and Birnam is only one step in the right direction; the station itself remains cut off from the community by the A9, and it needs to be fully reconnected. So far, the community’s proposals to have the road enter a short underpass have been rejected. I am sure that, if Dunkeld and Birnam were in the Alps, the authorities would not think twice about making the road fit the landscape and the community, and it is disappointing that, after years of consultation, the proposals have been rejected, even though they would represent a tiny fraction of the total cost of the A9 dualling project.

The context of the A9 is important, and not just because it shares the same corridor as the Highland main line. The prioritisation of road over rail will be damaging unless there is a matching investment in the railway—an important point that has already been raised by John Mason. Dualling the A9 will result in an increase in car mileage at a time when the Government still has a commitment to bringing it down.

Moreover, the Government is now pointing to transport as a sector where even deeper cuts in carbon emissions will have to be made in the forthcoming climate change plan, and I am interested in hearing the cabinet secretary’s view on how we start to square that circle. If it is to compete with the A9, the railway needs to be fully electrified from Dunblane through Perth to Inverness as soon as possible to deliver major benefits for passengers and freight.

Electric trains will reduce journey times. They accelerate faster, will climb Drumochter pass far quicker than diesel locos and will be able to haul heavier freight loads. We have already seen the major benefits of using class 93 electric trains to haul test freight on the west coast main line—it is now time to bring those advantages to industry in the Highlands.

Electrification will also enable more trains to run on the Highland main line, because faster running times on single lines between passing loops will allow more trains on the network. We can have better, faster, more frequent services with more capacity for people and freight, but only with full electrification.

I recognise the Government’s priorities. Making progress on electrifying the Fife and Borders services is a priority, especially given that new battery electric trains have been ordered and are on the way. After those projects are complete, we must shift the focus on to the Highland main line, partly because this is also about keeping railway engineering jobs in Scotland through a pipeline of electrification projects that can support young people joining the industry.

With electrification of the Highland main line agreed, the route could then be redesigned to maximise the benefits. New and altered crossing loops, double tracking and freight-specific enhancements could be planned to meet the needs of industry and passengers for generations to come. Reflecting on Richard Leonard’s point, I would suggest a step-by-step process, with electrification coming first before we start looking at dualling and other enhancements.

In conclusion, the Highland main line is the key to unlocking the industrial potential of the Highlands. We must shift the focus to rail and invest in a line that is low-carbon and competitive, but that work really needs to start now.

Gulls are in overall decline in Scotland. Three out of five of the species face an extinction risk. Gull populations are increasing in urban areas because of the availability of food but, in the natural environment, food sources are declining because of climate change and overfishing, and natural breeding sites are also declining. What action, summits and funding will be available to ensure that gulls have a home and food in the natural environment, where they belong?

I want to ask about the broader context, particularly around the changes in the UK emissions trading scheme, such as the withdrawal of the free allocation, and the international carbon trading scheme, which is the carbon offsetting and reduction scheme for international aviation—CORSIA. Do you think that the changes will have a significant impact on emissions reduction? How do you see those measures working? Celeste, I will start with you, and then I will take some views from around the panel.

Are runway expansions, expansions in capacity and so on in any way compatible with our climate targets, given the ETS, SAF and other attempts to try to curb emissions?

Do others want to come in?

What I am hearing this morning is that it will be the third-generation fuels—the e-fuels—that will dominate and will be the future as we move forward, because of the potential conflict with growing biofeedstocks.

However, what might happen in, say, 10 or 20 years down the line, in a world in which the whole of society is electrified, and where we have electric-battery surface transport, hydrogen being used, electric heating and so on? All of those things are going to create a huge demand for generation. Our briefing notes suggest that, if we wanted to fully lean into e-fuels for aviation, we would need seven to eight times more electricity-generating capacity in the UK than we had in 2020.

It is not exactly the same situation as it is with biofuel, where you are competing with food and obviously there are limits to the amount of land that we have, but do you acknowledge that there will be a point where, even with renewable electricity generation, we will hit the buffers, because everything will be electrified and the need for generation is going to double, treble, quadruple or—potentially—quintuple in the years ahead? Do you have any thoughts on that?

Would anyone else like to come in on those questions? You will have to put your hand up, and then the convener will let you in.

I am fine. Thanks, convener.

That is fine, convener. I will maybe come back in later.

I think that Sebastian Eastham wanted to come in, too.