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All deer, of either sex, do damage through overgrazing. By reducing male deer numbers we will reduce that impact, particularly in the season in which they are removed.

I think that you are alluding to the fact that, for long-term deer management, we also need to manage female deer numbers. I do not want to be distracted by this particular bit of legislation, which is, as we have discussed, one part of the 99 recommendations for updating deer management in Scotland. The other two items that we are discussing today, of course, apply to female deer, as do many of the items that come under those 99 recommendations.

The order is just one small piece of the puzzle of that picture. The measure was identified by the deer working group as an opportunity to reduce paperwork and align interests, and it recommended that we undertake it.

The member might know that in England, Wales and Ireland, for example, male deer can be culled during the rut, and that has been the case for many years without there being any significant concern about welfare. It is common practice in the rest of the United Kingdom. There are no welfare concerns about hunting male deer at any particular time of the year over and above whether the deer is tired when you shoot it, which does matter to that particular deer. It is up to the stalkers—

Absolutely. The figures that I have come from the deer working group, which looked into the evidence to present the 99 recommendations. The change that we have seen since the 1950s is that roe deer and red deer are now established across Scotland. They have increased their ranges. In 1959, the estimated red deer population was around 155,000 individuals. By 1990, that estimate had doubled. In 1990, the total deer population was estimated to be 500,000 individuals. In 2020, the deer working group estimated that we were approaching 1 million individuals, so the figure had doubled again. That estimate was made in 2020, which is three years ago, so the figure is likely to be higher now.

I am not aware that any have been rejected.

I think that that is true—the land managers understand the need to manage deer. That is why so many deer management groups are largely voluntary organisations in which land managers have got together with their neighbours to figure out how to manage deer. The specific awareness of those exact 99 recommendations will vary, of course. Not all of them are legislative changes—some are changes to other policy areas or to the work of NatureScot and so on, so there is quite a broad range of actions.

The issue of how to reduce deer numbers in Scotland is not a simple one like legislating for people to wear seat belts; it is about a whole bunch of things, including legislation, to help to turn the ship in a slightly different direction. The existing legislation has not been sufficient to prevent the damage to tree growth, crops and human health and safety in the way that was hoped in 1959, when it was passed. The measures that we are considering today are part of that work.

When meeting stakeholders and deer management groups, I find that they are keen to emphasise that they understand the need for deer management and have concerns for animal welfare, as has been discussed. However, most of their issues are about funding and how to pay for things, or, if someone wants to manage deer differently from how their neighbour does it, they want to know how to resolve those interests. Mostly, very practical issues come up.

That comes back to the point that I made about the reason for there being a male deer close season. It does not exist because of welfare issues. OneKind says that it has no objection to removing the close season for male deer as long as all the requirements for high standards are adhered to. The SSPCA recognises the need for deer management in Scotland and is not against lifting the close season for male red deer, sika, fallow or roe deer as long as control is carried out humanely by individuals trained in the use of firearms.

The close season for male deer does not exist for welfare concerns; it exists because of sporting interest concerns, particularly down in England, so that deer can grow larger antlers for the use of the sporting industry. The close season for male deer, when it was implemented in 1959, was specifically negotiated by sporting interests for that purpose. It is not there for welfare reasons and therefore removing it does not have welfare implications. NatureScot has no reason to turn down authorisations, if you see what I mean—the measures were not achieving anything.

As I have said, the recommendations have come from an external body—the independent deer working group. The measure was identified as one of many measures that would help to get us towards where we need to be in Scotland on deer management. We need to increase our cull and reduce deer numbers, and this is one of the tools to do that.

The measure is one of a number of measures, the intention of which is to enable us nationally to bring down deer numbers. There may be some land managers who are currently deterred from managing their male deer out of season because of the burden of having to fill in the paperwork for the authorisation. Removing that burden gives managers who wish to do that another option. On its own, the measure may only increase the number of deer culled by a tiny amount, but, because it is part of a larger programme, all of the steps need to be taken.

Of the recommendations that were made by the independent deer working group, 95 were accepted by the Scottish Government, and we are systematically working through them. These are the first three pieces of legislation that have come through. Some primary legislation is required as well, which will come later on, and there are other actions that are not legislative but that need to be taken to support deer management groups, how NatureScot practises its work, and so on.

NatureScot still collects the cull returns.

Yes—NatureScot will be collecting cull returns, because it is important for deer management that we all understand the cull numbers.

I challenge the assumption that Asulox was a primary means of controlling bracken, because only 2 per cent of bracken in Scotland was being treated with Asulox, while 98 per cent is managed by other means or is not managed at all.

I agree that there appears to be an overgrowth of bracken, which seems to be increasing, but we do not have solid evidence of that. As part of the process, the Scottish Government commissioned the James Hutton Institute to conduct a review of the evidence, which found some gaps. We do not know exactly where the bracken is, whether and how quickly the spread is increasing, or which land management practices promote bracken and which discourage it.

There is a larger issue here. As part of the round table that the cabinet secretary and I had last week, we spoke with stakeholders, including farmers and environmental charities, who are affected by bracken, to understand what is needed. It sounds as if we need a big picture. The big ask was for guidance. We all agreed that we need more research to fill the data gaps and have a better understanding. We are taking action to move those projects forward because we all agreed that that is a priority.

To follow up on the final point I made my opening remarks, I realise that timing was an issue. Another ask that came from the round table was that we should improve the timing of the communication of decisions.