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It is 48 per cent for male deer.

I would not want the member to think that shooting deer from helicopters is part of standard deer management practice at all. We support deer management in Scotland in various ways. We have heard about the money that Forestry and Land Scotland invests to protect those lands. The key mechanism for the management of deer by land managers is the deer management groups in which several land holdings get together and come to an agreement on how to manage deer, because they move between land holdings. The purpose of those agreements is to allow the land managers to decide what the right number of deer is and how they want to manage them. The association of those deer management groups has been part of the gathering of the evidence base.

NatureScot has been involved in on-going efforts to manage deer, including siting and installing fencing and making sure that fencing is marked so that it does not hinder capercaillie or other ground-nesting birds that may fly into the fences and be injured. The management of deer is a comprehensive project that is undertaken by NatureScot as well as land and forestry managers.

It may be of interest to the member to know that, way back in 1959, the Deer (Scotland) Act 1959 was introduced with the intention of reducing the impact of red deer on forestry and agriculture. We think that, since then, red deer numbers have doubled twice—between 1959 and 1990, and between 1990 and now. The existing deer management measures that are in place have not succeeded in the aim, as set out in 1959, of managing those pressures. Deer numbers have been increasing, which is why the Scottish Government asked the deer working group—an independent body—to come to us with some new suggestions. What was happening was not working. That is where the 99 suggestions came from, and we are discussing the first three as part of a legislative programme for updated deer management.

That is an excellent question. The member is, of course, correct in saying that mountain hares can cause damage, for example by grazing on newly planted trees. The big difference is the population numbers. As we have discussed, the numbers of deer in Scotland are enormous—they have doubled and doubled again since the 1950s—whereas the mountain hares have unfavourable conservation status and there are simply not enough of them to require that kind of management. As there are fewer hares, the scale of the impact that they can have is much smaller. It is, of course, still possible to manage hares under licence when that is necessary. That tool is still available.

We need to increase the numbers of deer that are culled each year in order to meet our targets. Finding ways to make that easier for land managers when they wish to manage their deer in that way is part of what the project is about.

From the number that Brodie Wilson gave us, I think that between roughly a quarter and a third of the deer shot out of season are shot by Forestry and Land Scotland, so two thirds to three quarters are being shot by other land managers. Therefore, there is a desire from other land managers as well. Without needing the authorisation, any land manager can choose to do that without having to do the paperwork. Those who think that it is important enough to fill in the authorisation and go through that process do so, but this measure opens up the space to others who may have been put off by that.

NatureScot keeps hold of the cull returns, and I am at the committee’s disposal to come back any time.

Thank you for inviting me to give evidence on bracken control. This year, the Scottish ministers consented to the Health and Safety Executive’s decision, because of risks to human and environmental health, to refuse the application for emergency use of Asulox in Scotland. Ministers are also aware of the risks that are associated with bracken, and our consent to the regulatory recommendation was not given lightly.

Authorisation of the emergency use of Asulox has been granted annually for 10 years, and Asulox has been applied to between 2,000 and 3,000 hectares of land—to about 2 per cent of Scottish bracken—where topography precludes mechanical control. This year, the Health and Safety Executive assessed that Asulox use did not meet the legislative requirements for authorisation, as safety concerns and risks were identified that outweighed the benefits of use.

The regulatory safety concerns centred on several points. No progress has been made in addressing the risk that relates to Asulam’s endocrine-disrupting properties. The European Food Safety Authority concluded that Asulam meets the criteria for an endocrine disruptor—a substance that can alter the function of the hormonal system in humans.

No progress has been made on addressing data requirements from previous authorisations in relation to livestock exclusion restrictions and long-term risks to soil organisms, birds and mammals. There is also concern relating to the toxicity data of the technical material about a new risk, as well as concerns about detections in water.

Insignificant progress has been made on the development of alternative controls.

Without progress towards filling the data gaps as requested and removing the need for future authorisations, it becomes difficult to characterise the need as an emergency.

The evidence about the risk that is associated with bracken was robustly assessed by ministers during the process of consenting to the regulatory advice. That included consideration of the impacts on biodiversity, forestry and grazing, as well as concerns about links with tick-borne disease.

We are committed to working closely with stakeholders to support sustainable and proportionate bracken management. In August, the cabinet secretary and I convened a stakeholder round table to discuss next steps. We committed to establishing a working group to lead on identified priorities, including further evidence gathering; to support the publication of updated bracken control guidance for land managers, which was a particular request; and to ensure that the decision on the 2024 application is communicated as early as possible, as this year’s delay was frustrating.

Decisions on pesticide authorisation are based on regulation and scientific evidence, and the use of products is authorised when evidence demonstrates that they do not pose unacceptable risks to people, animals or the environment. I am happy to take any questions that the committee has.

Absolutely. Yes, we will ensure that all the information is in there.

On the action that is being taken, 98 per cent of bracken in Scotland—so, nearly all of it—is already being managed by other means or not being managed at all. That is unchanged; only the remaining 2 per cent is affected by the refusal to grant an emergency authorisation this year.

There are a number of methods for managing bracken. It can be managed mechanically and it can be sprayed from ground level with other chemicals. There are also ecological methods, including allowing tree growth, which is a natural mechanism. We probably need to look into what those ecological methods are; that needs to be developed through the research.

We have been asked by members of the round table, which comprised farmers and other people affected by bracken, to urgently provide guidelines, setting out what we need to do. Our priority is to get those guidelines out, so that land managers know what they can do right now.

I can have a go. There are various hormone pathways in the body—for androgen hormones, for example, which control sex characteristics and so on. Asulam is considered an endocrine disruptor of the T pathway, which involves thyroid function. As I understand it from looking online, that largely affects embryos and developing humans.

That is the limit of my understanding—that endocrine disruptors affect human development. There is a risk that they will affect the development of birds and mammals, as well as aquatic organisms. There is a lack of evidence—neither the applicant nor the manufacturer has demonstrated that the chemical is safe. It is for the producer to demonstrate to the authorisation bodies that the product is safe to use and does not have such negative effects, and it has failed to do so.

There is no evidence of significant exposure in that respect. We have some papers on that. For example, one states:

“while some studies have linked exposure via drinking water to some cancers (e.g., Galpin et al., 1990) a FERA risk assessment from 2010 suggest that human exposure to bracken toxins via drinking water is low”.

There is a reference paper for that as well. I would be happy to share those papers with the member.

Absolutely. That is a real frustration. I, too, engaged with people at the Royal Highland Show and elsewhere, and I understand that that was a frustration. I am happy to go through that.

I remind the member that Asulox is not an authorised chemical. It has not been authorised in the UK for more than 15 years. The emergency authorisation process has been used every year to enable its use.

The timeline this year was that, on 20 March, I received the HSE recommendation. I consulted with the ECP, as discussed, and I was able to make my decision on 3 May. Because the application was for the UK, all four nations needed to respond before the result could be published. That is the convention. Some of the nations were slower than us. After all had responded, we got the final decision from DEFRA on 15 June. There was some delay in DEFRA making that decision. A further six days passed while the Scottish Government considered DEFRA’s decision before we made ours.

I am very keen to consider whether, next year, we can break convention and have different nations announcing their decisions in a more timely manner. I am happy to take away an action to discuss that with the Health and Safety Executive. That has never been done before, but, because I understand everybody’s frustration, I am happy to take that away as a discussion to have with the HSE.