Seòmar agus comataidhean

Yes—enforcement and sanctions. If there is such variability across the country as to who has to provide what and what their obligations are, how can you have sanctions that are understandable, fair and proportionate? It will be quite confusing and resource heavy, for all sorts of stakeholders.

As convener, I am conscious of the time, so I would be grateful if you could provide quite snappy answers.

I call Michelle Thomson to come back in briefly. Liam Kerr wants to come in, too, and Claire Cullen wants to respond, but I have one eye on the clock.

That is a big question to end with. If you could think of a succinct response to it, that would be helpful.

Welcome back. We will now take evidence from our second panel on the Scottish Languages Bill. Thank you for joining us. I will start by asking our witnesses to introduce themselves and say which organisation they are representing.

Professor, do you want to start? Actually, they are all professors—I am struggling today. I was talking to Professor Ó Giollagáin.

Earlier this morning, in our first panel, we heard about the international success in that reversal of language shift. I do not know whether that is the right word—I am sure that you understand. The panel spoke specifically about the revival of French in the context of Canada. We have heard a bit from Professor Millar about some of the things that are going on in Norway. Are there other examples of a successful reversal of language shift that the Scottish Government should perhaps have taken cognisance of? Where might we learn lessons around how we could see that reversal reversed in Scotland? I am stumbling on my words a bit here—apologies for that.

Dr Dempster, do you want to go first?

That was the situation with Scots. We will now move to Gaelic, if that is okay.

Thank you very much. We will move straight to members’ questions. I bring in Liam Kerr, to start off.