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I am fully aware of the issue that you raise. Again, I signal to John Primrose that he might want to comment at the end of my answer.

I think that everybody appreciates that all schemes that involve us dispensing taxpayers’ money are subject to review. That is a common practice. We need to ensure that we are actually delivering against the aims that are set for particular projects or funding streams. The evaluation came to the view that the scheme had not delivered against all the criteria for what the Scottish Government wished to deliver on the ground or the impact that we wanted to see. That is why we review the projects that we support.

My previous ministerial colleague Jenny Gilruth updated the Scottish Parliament on the thematic approach that we are now taking with the focus on women and girls. We are going to continue to dispense small grant funds, but it is not going to work in the same way as it has until now, because there has been an evaluation, and the recommendation is that we should do things differently.

The feedback that we have had from partner countries has been positive. I will share one example with you. The Government in Malawi has requested that Scotland finances a smaller number of larger programmes, which will help it to track progress and manage alignment with its aims. We are trying our best to work with our partners on the ground and ensure that the projects that we support work better for them, but also that they work in line with the strictures that we place on the projects.

In essence, we want to make sure that what we are committed to is working. If it is not working in the way that we intended, we have to pivot and ensure that we deliver in the way that we want with our partners in our partner countries. John, is that a fair assessment?

There is a lot in those questions. In relation to the House of Lords Constitution Committee report, notwithstanding its conclusion on future constitutional arrangements, there is a lot in it and it is not for me to say which bits you should look at. House of Lords committee reports are often very detailed and there are some very intelligent people involved in the process, so they are always worth going through, even if you may not agree with them.

On your point about co-ordination, as I hope you would expect, we talk to one another across Government in general terms about intergovernmental relations. We also do that in relation to specific policy areas. There have been deep-dive discussions on the impacts of intergovernmental working on different departments. I made the point that it is not simply for me or the Deputy First Minister to take a view on or have oversight of that work; it is important that everybody across Government and Parliament is seized of learning those lessons.

In relation to having insight on analysis, I do not have a report in front of me that lists numbers of meetings and has a traffic-light system that gauges the mood music at meetings—it is not in that sort of format. However, I am keen that we retain a form of institutional memory so that when, for example, Government ministers go to the next meetings, they remember what happened at previous meetings and whether things had not worked well or were not proceeded with. To that extent, one is not just turning up at yet another meeting without seeing it as part of a continuing institutional interrelationship.

I am clear that we go to those meetings to try to find solutions to things. We try to work respectfully with colleagues from other parts of the UK. I go back to my glass-half-full perspective: we are at the start of a new way of working, and I hear that the Prime Minister might deign to turn up to meet with the First Ministers of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It will be interesting to see whether it is secretaries of state who turn up for meetings with the cabinet secretaries who are their opposite numbers or whether they choose to send junior ministers in their stead. Notes will be kept of that and it will be clear to see whether the relationship is being taken seriously on a formal level at Whitehall, and then you will hold us to account on the substance of what happens at those meetings at evidence sessions such as this one.

[Inaudible.]—this morning. I think that this is my fifth session with the committee. Since we previously met, I have given evidence on common frameworks and the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020 to the House of Lords Common Frameworks Scrutiny Committee, and I have been in regular discussions with my counterparts in the UK Government and with the other devolved Governments.

Any inquiry into the internal market regime that is imposed by the internal market act must proceed against, and be seen in, the wider context of the devolution settlement. In 1997, people in Scotland voted overwhelmingly to re-establish the Scottish Parliament. With our own Parliament, free personal care has been introduced, university tuition fees have been abolished, and no one is now charged for prescriptions. Those initiatives and many more have improved the lives of people in Scotland immeasurably.

We are now confronted by an effort by the UK Government to put the gains of devolution at risk by taking control once again of key devolved powers without consent—without the permission of elected members of the Scottish Parliament and, indeed, the Scottish Government. In some parts of UK politics, devolution has always been seen as a problem to be fixed, and the UK is mistakenly conceived as being a unitary state rather than a voluntary political union of nations. That view has become increasingly obvious since the European Union referendum, and it can be seen most clearly of all in respect of the internal market act, which we are deliberating over today.

The Scottish Government’s opposition to the internal market act is clear, well known and understood. We have argued from the outset that it represents a fundamental change to the devolution settlement that people voted for in 1997, that it is a change that was achieved by stealth, and that it is a chipping away at the powers and responsibilities of the Scottish Parliament. The majority of members of the Scottish Parliament agree with that and have voted overwhelmingly to refuse consent to the act, as did colleagues in Cardiff. The Northern Ireland Assembly passed a motion to reject the bill. No devolved legislature has consented to the act. Despite that overwhelming rejection, the Sewel convention was once again ignored, and the act has been imposed on us.

Those concerns were, and continue to be, dismissed by UK ministers as scaremongering. Instead, we have been told that, somehow, the act represents a power surge—if that were to be believed—following EU exit. It is just over a year since the act passed into law, and we now have a growing body of evidence that vindicates our position and the concern of the overwhelming majority of members of the Scottish Parliament. Witnesses in the inquiry have laid bare the negative impact of the act.

I have had a look at the evidence that the committee has garnered, and certain contributions stand out. One goes as follows—this is a direct quotation:

“The Internal Market Act could create risks for the integrity of the existing devolution settlement and in particular for the integrity of the regulatory prerogatives that the Scottish authorities enjoy, in accordance with the Scotland Act 2016, in the area of public health and especially alcohol control policy.”

That is the view of Professor Nicola McEwen of the University of Edinburgh.

A further quote says:

“The internal market act views devolution and the potential for divergence as an obstacle and a potential irritant to the economic integration of the UK, which is prioritised and privileged through the market access principles of the act.”—[Official Report, Constitution, Europe, External Affairs and Culture Committee, 2 December 2021; c 19.]

Another says:

“The Act undermines devolution and will limit the ability to the Scottish Parliament and Government to improve farmed animal welfare standards.”

That contribution is from a written submission to the committee by Kirsty Jenkins of OneKind Charity.

I could go on, because the committee has received a lot of evidence that underlines our concerns. However, it is not just in the Scottish Parliament and other devolved institutions that the concerns have been amplified. Only last week, Lord Hope spoke to BBC Scotland, marking the publication of a House of Lords report. He said:

“The problem has been, while it was always understood from the beginning that Westminster would not make laws for Scotland which cut across the devolution system without the consent of the devolved administrations, they did not respect that, particularly with Brexit, and that created a great deal of mistrust and, indeed, hostility”.

Responding to a question about whether the internal market act strengthens or undermines devolution, Lord Hope said:

“Well, I think the Scottish Government are right about that.”

Lord Hope, who is a cross bencher and a very independent and well-versed member of the House of Lords, agrees with the position of the Scottish Government and the majority view in the Scottish Parliament on this matter. Although he and I might not see eye to eye on the best constitutional future for the UK, it is difficult to argue with those clearly expressed views, which he gave only last week.

The act means that devolved powers will now be exercised in a system that is designed and controlled by UK ministers. During the passage of the bill, much was heard from UK ministers about how the proposals simply replicated the rules that provide for regulatory coherence in the EU single market. That is not the case. The internal market act does not provide any of the exemptions or protections for local autonomy that are enjoyed by members of the EU single market, nor do its provisions mirror the internal market rules that pertain in other devolved or federal states.

Delegated powers in the act enable policy areas that are currently controlled by the devolved Parliaments to be brought within the scope of the market access principles by UK ministers. Those powers mean that UK ministers can change the scope of the act unilaterally. Indeed, as we speak, the UK Government is expected to seek the consent of the devolved Governments to changes to the services exclusions regime. The fact of it seeking consent might sound reassuring, but any such assurance would be false. Although there is? a duty in the act that requires UK ministers to seek the consent of the devolved Governments before such changes are made, the UK Government can proceed after just one month regardless of whether consent has been given.

The act has made other significant changes that are worth noting. It allows, for the first time, UK ministers to decide how money should be spent in Scotland on wholly devolved policy areas spanning culture, sport, education, economic development and infrastructure. That money should be for the Scottish Parliament—for you, as members of the Parliament—and the Scottish Government to make our own choices about, in line with the priorities of the people who have elected you and us. The First Minister of Wales has pithily observed that the act steals money and powers from Wales, and it is difficult to disagree with his assessment.

The act represents a fundamental erosion of the devolution settlement and a departure from the principles and practice of devolution that have been experienced over two decades. We will no doubt come on to questions about what can be done to mitigate or how to work with the grain of the act now that it is, unfortunately, a reality. My response will be plain. The act cannot be reformed or properly mitigated. It is an internal market regime that has been imposed on its constituent members without their consent. It is inherently unstable. It is unsustainable. The only way to address the act’s harms is for it to be repealed.

I hope that that is the case. I have been involved all the way through the process and have been updated on what the latest meeting has been like on a technical level and where we have got to. One often hears that people have not had political sign-off to go beyond certain stages. Therefore, even if there is good will at a technical level, one has often not been able to proceed. That is my first observation.

My second observation is that certain UK Government departments have an inherently better understanding of the devolved nature of governance in the UK than others. It is important to differentiate, in that no single approach is taken by the UK civil service in Whitehall and the civil service in Scotland.

Let me concentrate on the positive—I am a glass-half-full kind of person. We have a new structure, so let us try to make it work and let us see how the concrete examples are proceeded with. Let us give things a fair wind. The issue is not being exaggerated by anybody, as you will know from the evidence that we have received across the board. This is not a concern just of Government, of the majority of members in the Scottish Parliament, of the voluntary sector or of representative bodies; the concerns are reflected across the piece. We are dealing with something that is quite serious, but I want to rest on my glass-half-full approach and try to make some of this stuff work.

I have the benefit—if you want to call it that—of having been in Westminster for quite a long time. Many of my interlocutors are people I know, and that counts for something in trying to act in good faith and in moving things forward. At some point, however, one has to have sign-off for proposals and for legislation that the Government and the Parliament have enacted, and either UK Government ministers will allow what has been democratically decided to go ahead or they will block it.

That is a good question. The formal position is that there are now structures that should enable discussion to take place, which must lead to adequate conclusions. As I have shared with you, I think that that is not enough, as we are dealing with human relations and different human priorities. In politics, we are talking about different Administrations taking different views of things. There is a fundamental cultural problem in Whitehall Government departments—by which I mean the top-down political element—in respect of relations with the devolved Administrations.

You asked specifically about me, and what I can do. The truth is that I am quite limited in what I can do. Given my particular area of responsibility, I am often involved in discussing quite technical areas. That is why I had the exchanges that I described with Chloe Smith in the Cabinet Office, which deals with the constitution; she was dealing with me as the Scottish Government’s constitution secretary. In contrast, my colleagues, such as the Cabinet Secretary for Rural Affairs and Islands or the Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills, might have to jump on a call to discuss something and may feel, among other things, that it seems like a decision has already been taken.

When one is in a meeting, one is able to feel what the interchanges are like—do they sound substantive or do they sound pro forma? Colleagues may feel that they are taking part in a meeting in which they are simply going through the motions to satisfy a tick-box agenda so that the UK Government can say, “Well, we’ve consulted with Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.”

That is a world away from the UK Government saying, “We need to join up our thinking at an early stage, identify any potential impacts on the devolved Administrations and, if there are any, take them on board seriously.” In some respects, it depends on whom one is dealing with. There are some people whom I can deal with very well; I do not want to embarrass them, but they have been very collegial in working with us. It goes without saying that civil service staff will work to the brief that they have been given and to the general direction that they get from their secretary of state.

Beyond that, I can, in a co-ordinating role—although I should say that the issue of intergovernmental relations falls within the Deputy First Minister’s orbit—ensure that there is consistency from all Scottish Government ministers and civil servants at meetings. We spend so much time on Teams calls and Zoom calls that things may seem like a oneness of being in endless meetings. Nevertheless, if we are trying to make the new system work, we almost need to signpost the fact that it is a new system and we have to make it work. It is then down to other people.

As grown-ups, we should—I have no doubt about this, because we have excellent relations; that is what grieves me somewhat in all this—be able to work beyond fundamental political differences on the constitutional future of the UK and Scotland in talking about technical and policy areas. I have managed to do that with Welsh Labour colleagues, and with colleagues from Northern Ireland, regardless of what political side of the fence they are on with regard to the constitution. I am mystified as to why that is often such a challenge in dealing with UK Government interlocutors. It is because they feel that they are in charge and it is for us to do what they say. However, that is not the case when we are dealing with an area of devolved responsibility, and that is the difficulty in which we find ourselves here. The short answer to your question is that I am limited in what I can do.

I will add one more thing. I can ensure that, across Government departments in Scotland, we have an institutional memory of all our interactions so that we can quantify the nature of the interrelationship. I look forward to reviewing that. I hear examples in which colleagues cannot speak at all in meetings, where someone just says, “Noted,” or where one arrives to have substantive discussions about things and there are none. I regularly say to colleagues that I am ensuring that we have an institutional memory of that, so that people do not think that we are just blaming big bad Whitehall, and that we are bound to do that because we are pro Scottish independence. That is not where we are at all.

On a practical level, things have not been working well. We now have a new system in place that we hope will work well, but we require an institutional memory, and we need to remind colleagues in Whitehall that things need to be a lot better.

There is no doubt that it could, theoretically, have a chilling effect. The good news for you, and for colleagues who think that it is important for the Scottish Parliament to deliver on what the people voted for, is that the Government will not entertain any chilling effect, even if it might feel chilly at times. We will try to deliver on what we have been elected to do.

I will give some practical examples. The issue can sometimes sound a little theoretical, and people might say, “What’s that got to do with me?”. Jenni Minto mentioned minimum unit pricing as one example. I can come on to that, but first I will give the committee a very current example of an issue that is subject to the difficulties that we are talking about this morning: single-use plastics.

We are all—I think—trying our best to do better by the environment so that we can live in a more sustainable way, and so that our economy operates in a less damaging way. We are trying, by our actions, to be more considerate of the next generation who will inherit the situation. Some of those actions might seem small, but they will make a difference as part of a wider change in our approach to sustainability issues.

A specific concern for us, where the issue that Jenni Minto mentions kicks in, relates to single-use plastics. We all know about those, because we have all used them in different circumstances: polystyrene drinks cups and food containers, single-use plastic stirrers, plastic cutlery and straws, balloon sticks and plastic plates, which are used and then simply discarded, causing environmental degradation.

That is not sustainable, which is why we have been pursuing new rules to end their use. Legislation was introduced in the Scottish Parliament to enable us to do that, and it was decided that that was supposed to be happening. However, we might not be able to enforce a ban in Scotland, as the internal market act effectively exempts any items that are produced or imported via another part of the UK. We can make a democratic decision and say, “We are elected to do these things, so we need to change the way that we live and be more environmentally sustainable”, but the legislation that we are currently discussing drives a coach and horses through our ability to do so.

Other UK nations are moving more slowly than Scotland to ban those products. I very much hope that they follow Scotland’s lead on that, as what is good for us will be good for people in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, but it is the democratic right of our neighbouring nations to work at their own speed. What is not right is for them to tell us that we cannot legislate in areas in which we have competence, and to use the internal market act to prevent us from doing so.

We are working with the UK Government to use the common frameworks procedure to ensure that we can deliver on what we have been seeking to do, but that is a concrete example, and there are others. Another issue on the horizon relates to the banning of the sale of horticultural peat for gardening purposes. That is because of the impact of that practice, and because we do not want to continue with the degrading of that part of our environment. However, if one was to continue with the provisions of the 2020 act, it would effectively mean that controls in Scotland could be overridden, and that is unsustainable. I could go on—there are issues around food standards, there is the risk to health measures such as minimum unit pricing on alcohol, and there are other issues coming down the track.

You ask about the chilling effect. We refuse to be artificially chilled, if I can put it that way, but the risk exists and, if there were a Government in Scotland that were less committed to protecting our ability to make our own decisions, you can imagine that people would be sitting in private rooms saying, “Oh, we’d better not proceed with that policy in our manifesto because of the internal market act.” That is no way to govern a country.

The minute that anything comes along that might impact on our ability to make decisions, I would very much want to be working with this committee to shine a light on it so that people could understand its impact. Of course, we have to test everything that we do against the risk of not having cover through the frameworks, which would mean that things would be open to legal challenge. That is a big problem. There is a solution to that, of course. In the first instance, one could get rid of the act, but my preferred option would be that Scotland become a sovereign country that makes sovereign decisions about its own market, and I would prefer us to be in the biggest single market, in Europe. That would put us in a much better place, with a system that we know and was tried and tested when the UK was still part of the European Union.

We go into the process with good intentions and hoping to make it work. It is set to replace existing arrangements, which are theoretically supposed to bring people together and allow them to work through difficulties. I highlight my concern that we can tinker with formal ways of working but, at the heart of it, if one is not interested in making them work, it does not matter what set-up is in place.

My earlier example is a good one. I had a UK Government interlocutor who was really interested in trying to make something work, so we made it work because it was self-evidently in the interests of the UK Government and the Scottish Government to make progress. I refer to the process on the frameworks with Chloe Smith that I described. That delivered results.

Unfortunately, it did not take long from the establishment of the previous system until Prime Ministers did not really turn up to top-level meetings and UK Government secretaries of state devolved responsibilities to their junior ministers to turn up in their stead. Those ministers are not in a position to make decisions on their departments’ behalf; that responsibility rests with secretaries of state, who were too important or too unavailable to take part in meetings.

I am simply highlighting the point that, unfortunately, we have long experience of the UK Government not thinking that it is an important process. I cannot come up with any other reason to explain why they would not turn up or would not send along the right people. Colleagues have turned up to other meetings and been told that they do not have speaking rights. All of that has been indicative of intergovernmental relations in the UK in recent months and years and it is not good. It could be a lot better. If people want to operate on the basis of good faith, it should work.

We will make the best of the new arrangements that have been put in place. I hope that they will mean that the needs, interests and expectations of the devolved Administrations and legislatures are listened to and respected. However, I highlight again the point that there is a world of difference between saying that we have been consulted and, in contrast, that we have worked through issues from inception to decision in a collegial way. Those are two very different things.

I hope that decision makers in Whitehall have said, “Yes, we need to do things better. Here’s a new way of doing it. Let’s take a good run at it.” I hope that they do that because, in many respects, there is no reason to find things difficult and we will make progress as long as there is respect for the devolution settlement.

I point in the direction of the Cabinet Secretary for Finance and the Economy, Kate Forbes, who would be much better at helping you to understand, at a granular level, how that is reflected in the budgetary process in Scotland.

The lack of clarity about consequentials has been a problem for a while. That has been the case in my area—for example, we have been asking for a long time about £40 million-worth of UK Government consequential funds for culture, which have not been fully received. One gets very opaque answers and is then told that there might be clarification at a later stage in the budgetary process. That is not great for spending departments—my department is by no means one of the biggest spending departments in the Scottish Government; there are others for whom that is very problematic. I know that it is an issue for Kate Forbes, as the cabinet secretary with responsibility for budgetary issues. It is very difficult to understand whether there will be consequentials for certain kinds of funding and not for others.

There is a suspicion, which I think people are right to have, that the mechanism is being used to avoid consequential spending, which drives a coach and horses through the devolution settlement. We should all be concerned about that—it is not good governance, quite apart from anything else. We can also talk about the democratic legitimacy of the process, which is thin gruel.

However, on good governance, if we—in the royal sense; I am talking about the UK Government—are not co-ordinating and working in the normal custom, using normal practice, that we are expected to, and to the standards that we should be held to, that does not make governance any easier, which is not good. At the end of the day, we are all here to do a job, which is to deliver for the people. If our intragovernmental processes—at a financial level and at all the other levels that we have been talking about—are not operating properly, that has to have an impact on service delivery and on how the country is run, which is not good.

Let us start by considering the views of the Prime Minister, who thinks that devolution is a “disaster”. Everything that we have heard about his views on the subject gives the insight that he is not a supporter or a fan of devolution, and that—I am paraphrasing—he would much prefer decisions to be made by him and his Government and to put devolved Administrations in a box to be managed more effectively.

The UK Government has overridden things such as the Sewel convention, has been happy to ignore devolved Administrations in a host of ways and has got away with it, so there is real reason to believe that that approach will continue and be amplified. We are right to be concerned by that. I see absolutely no sign of that changing, notwithstanding the new arrangements that the deputy convener, Donald Cameron, raised. If that is the great white hope for better governance in the UK, I am yet to be convinced.

If I gave the impression that that is not needed, that is not the case.